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Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a disruptive force in education in the digital age, with the potential to increase student motivation, engagement, and curiosity. Although efficiency, evaluation, and material delivery are frequently highlighted in current AI applications, its potential to promote intrinsic motivation and deeper learning is still poorly understood. Guided by Self-Efficacy Theory, Expectancy-Value Theory, and Self-Determination Theory, this study systematically synthesizes recent literature to explore the relationship between AI and student motivation. Using a systematic literature synthesis approach, relevant peer-reviewed articles from 2010 to 2024 were analyzed to identify how AI tools such as gamification, adaptive learning platforms, intelligent tutoring systems, and emotion-aware technologies influence motivational constructs including task value, autonomy, competence, relatedness, and expectancy beliefs. The results indicate that AI solutions can support critical motivational drivers by creating adaptive, emotionally responsive, and learner-centered environments. Specifically, AI fosters curiosity and engagement by providing immediate feedback, personalized pathways, and psychologically meaningful learning experiences. However, the study also identifies challenges, such as limited inclusivity for diverse learners, risks of over-automation, data privacy concerns, and ethical dilemmas in algorithmic decision-making. These limitations highlight the importance of aligning AI development with human-centered pedagogical principles. Practical implications suggest that while developers and policymakers must prioritize transparency, diversity, and ethical design, educators can leverage AI to tailor instruction, maintain curiosity, and foster emotionally supportive learning settings. By reframing AI not merely as a performance optimization tool but as a motivational partner that cultivates lifelong curiosity and meaningful learning engagement, this study contributes to the growing body of research on human-centered AI in education. It also proposes a conceptual framework that bridges cognitive, motivational, and emotional dimensions of learning, positioning AI as an active collaborator in fostering curiosity and sustainable motivation.
[Kecerdasan buatan (AI) telah menjadi kekuatan disruptif dalam dunia pendidikan di era digital, dengan potensi besar untuk meningkatkan motivasi, keterlibatan, dan rasa ingin tahu peserta didik. Meskipun berbagai aplikasi AI saat ini banyak menyoroti efisiensi, evaluasi, dan penyampaian materi, potensi AI dalam mendorong motivasi intrinsik dan pembelajaran yang lebih mendalam masih belum sepenuhnya dipahami. Berlandaskan Self-Efficacy Theory, Expectancy-Value Theory, dan Self-Determination Theory, penelitian ini secara sistematis mensintesis literatur terkini untuk menelusuri hubungan antara AI dan motivasi belajar siswa. Melalui pendekatan systematic literature synthesis, artikel-artikel ilmiah terverifikasi dari tahun 2010 hingga 2024 dianalisis untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana alat-alat AI seperti gamifikasi, platform pembelajaran adaptif, sistem tutor cerdas, dan teknologi yang peka terhadap emosi memengaruhi konstruksi motivasional, termasuk nilai tugas (task value), otonomi, kompetensi, keterhubungan (relatedness), dan keyakinan ekspektasi (expectancy beliefs). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa solusi berbasis AI dapat mendukung faktor-faktor penggerak motivasi utama dengan menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang adaptif, responsif secara emosional, dan berpusat pada peserta didik. Secara khusus, AI mampu menumbuhkan rasa ingin tahu dan keterlibatan dengan memberikan umpan balik langsung, jalur pembelajaran yang dipersonalisasi, serta pengalaman belajar yang bermakna secara psikologis. Namun demikian, penelitian ini juga mengidentifikasi beberapa tantangan, seperti keterbatasan inklusivitas bagi peserta didik yang beragam, risiko otomatisasi berlebihan, isu privasi data, dan dilema etis dalam pengambilan keputusan algoritmik. Berbagai keterbatasan tersebut menegaskan pentingnya menyelaraskan pengembangan AI dengan prinsip pedagogi yang berpusat pada manusia. Implikasi praktis menunjukkan bahwa pengembang dan pembuat kebijakan perlu memprioritaskan transparansi, keberagaman, dan desain etis, sementara para pendidik dapat memanfaatkan AI untuk menyesuaikan pembelajaran, mempertahankan rasa ingin tahu, dan membangun lingkungan belajar yang mendukung secara emosional. Dengan memosisikan kembali AI bukan semata sebagai alat optimasi kinerja, melainkan sebagai mitra motivasional yang menumbuhkan rasa ingin tahu sepanjang hayat dan keterlibatan belajar yang bermakna, penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi bagi pengembangan wacana tentang AI berorientasi kemanusiaan dalam pendidikan. Penelitian ini juga mengusulkan suatu kerangka konseptual yang menghubungkan dimensi kognitif, motivasional, dan emosional dari proses pembelajaran, serta memosisikan AI sebagai kolaborator aktif dalam menumbuhkan rasa ingin tahu dan motivasi yang berkelanjutan.]
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Copyright (c) 2025 Amanullah Amanullah (Author)

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References
- Abbas, H. (2024). Transforming education: The role of artificial intelligence. Studies in Engineering and Exact Sciences, 5(3), e12579. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n3-041
- Ahmad, K., et al. (2020). Data-driven artificial intelligence in education: A comprehensive review. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/zvu2n
- Alenezi, A. (2023). Teacher perspectives on AI-driven gamification: Impact on student motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes. Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 97(5), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v97i5.5437
- Arya, R., & Verma, A. (2024). Role of artificial intelligence in education. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology, 589–594. https://doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-19461
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman and Company.
- Chan, C. K. Y., & Tsi, L. H. Y. (2023). The AI revolution in education: Will AI replace or assist teachers in higher education? arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.01185
- Chan, C. K. Y., & Zhou, W. (2023). An expectancy-value theory (EVT) based instrument for measuring student perceptions of generative AI. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00284-4
- Chhatwal, M., et al. (2023). Role of AI in the education sector. Lloyd Business Review, 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.56595/lbr.v2i1.11
- Chiu, T. K. F., et al. (2023). Teacher support and student motivation to learn with artificial intelligence (AI) based chatbot. Interactive Learning Environments, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2172044
- Chong, J. X. Y., & Gagné, M. (2019). Self-determination theory for work motivation. Management. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199846740-0182
- Duffy, G., & Elwood, J. (2013). The perspectives of ‘disengaged’ students in the 14–19 phase on motivations and barriers to learning within the contexts of institutions and classrooms. London Review of Education, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/14748460.2013.799808
- Dumbuya, E. (2024). Personalized learning through artificial intelligence: Revolutionizing education. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 13(2), 2818–2820. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.2.2487
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
- Elbadiansyah, E., et al. (2024). Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing student motivation and cognitive development in higher education. Techcomp Innovations, 1(2), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.70063/techcompinnovations.v1i2.47
- Gjermeni, F., & Prodani, F. (2024). AI and student engagement: A comparative analysis. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development, 11(3), 195. https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv11n326
- Gruber, M. J., et al. (2019). Curiosity and learning. In The Cambridge handbook of motivation and learning (pp. 397–417). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316823279.018
- Ha, C., et al. (2024). Understanding students’ emotion regulation strategy selection using network analysis approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 233, 112913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112913
- Hall, M. T., & Marshall, J. E. (2015). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation within the context of modern education. In Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design (pp. 292–308). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9634-1.ch014
- Ifraheem, S., et al. (2024). Transforming education through artificial intelligence: Personalization, engagement and predictive analytics. Deleted Journal, 13(2), 250–266. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.2.22
- Maddux, J. E. (2009). Self-efficacy: The power of believing you can. In The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 334–344). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0031
- Milagrin, M. M. A., et al. (2024). An empirical study on enhancing employee engagement and job performance through self-determination theory: The role of artificial intelligence in Karnataka’s banking sector. ITM Web of Conferences, 68, 01031. https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20246801031
- Mishra, S. (2024). Revolutionizing education: The impact of AI-enhanced teaching strategies. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 12(9), 9–32. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.64127
- Moybeka, A. M. S., et al. (2023). Artificial intelligence and English classroom: The implications of AI toward EFL students’ motivation. Edumaspul - Jurnal Pendidikan, 7(2), 2444–2454. https://doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v7i2.6669
- Nasser, M. (2024). Personalized learning through AI: Enhancing student engagement and teacher effectiveness. International Journal of Teaching, Learning and Education, 3(6), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijtle.3.6.4
- Oudeyer, P.-Y., et al. (2016). Intrinsic motivation, curiosity, and learning. Progress in Brain Research, 257–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.05.005
- Prince, M., et al. (2016). The effect of course type on engineering undergraduates’ situational motivation and curiosity. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.18260/p.26134
- Rajan, M. H., et al. (2024). Disrupted student engagement and motivation: Observations from online and face-to-face university learning environments. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1320822
- Rohana, D. D. A., et al. (2024). Digital learning with artificial intelligence (AI): The correlation of AI to student learning motivation. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Social Science and Education (ICASSE), 1(1), 198–209. https://doi.org/10.31316/icasse.v1i1.6913
- Rosenzweig, E. Q., et al. (2019). Expectancy-value theory and its relevance for student motivation and learning. In The Cambridge handbook of motivation and learning (pp. 617–644). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316823279.026
- Shin, D.-J. D., et al. (2019). The role of curiosity and interest in learning and motivation. In The Cambridge handbook of motivation and learning (pp. 443–464). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316823279.020
- Singh, A., & Manjaly, J. A. (2022). Using curiosity to improve learning outcomes in schools. SAGE Open, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211069392
- Wallace, S. (2013). When you’re smiling: Exploring how teachers motivate and engage learners in the further education sector. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 38(3), 346–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877x.2013.831040
- Xia, Q., et al. (2022). A self-determination theory (SDT) design approach for inclusive and diverse artificial intelligence (AI) education. Computers & Education, 189, 104582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104582
- Zharmukhanbetov, S., & Singh, C. P. (2023). Enhancing flipped classroom engagement and personalized learning through AI-powered adaptive content delivery. IEEE ICTACS Proceedings, 1411–1416. https://doi.org/10.1109/ictacs59847.2023.10389841
References
Abbas, H. (2024). Transforming education: The role of artificial intelligence. Studies in Engineering and Exact Sciences, 5(3), e12579. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n3-041
Ahmad, K., et al. (2020). Data-driven artificial intelligence in education: A comprehensive review. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/zvu2n
Alenezi, A. (2023). Teacher perspectives on AI-driven gamification: Impact on student motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes. Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 97(5), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v97i5.5437
Arya, R., & Verma, A. (2024). Role of artificial intelligence in education. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology, 589–594. https://doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-19461
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman and Company.
Chan, C. K. Y., & Tsi, L. H. Y. (2023). The AI revolution in education: Will AI replace or assist teachers in higher education? arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.01185
Chan, C. K. Y., & Zhou, W. (2023). An expectancy-value theory (EVT) based instrument for measuring student perceptions of generative AI. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00284-4
Chhatwal, M., et al. (2023). Role of AI in the education sector. Lloyd Business Review, 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.56595/lbr.v2i1.11
Chiu, T. K. F., et al. (2023). Teacher support and student motivation to learn with artificial intelligence (AI) based chatbot. Interactive Learning Environments, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2172044
Chong, J. X. Y., & Gagné, M. (2019). Self-determination theory for work motivation. Management. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199846740-0182
Duffy, G., & Elwood, J. (2013). The perspectives of ‘disengaged’ students in the 14–19 phase on motivations and barriers to learning within the contexts of institutions and classrooms. London Review of Education, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/14748460.2013.799808
Dumbuya, E. (2024). Personalized learning through artificial intelligence: Revolutionizing education. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 13(2), 2818–2820. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.2.2487
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
Elbadiansyah, E., et al. (2024). Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing student motivation and cognitive development in higher education. Techcomp Innovations, 1(2), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.70063/techcompinnovations.v1i2.47
Gjermeni, F., & Prodani, F. (2024). AI and student engagement: A comparative analysis. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development, 11(3), 195. https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv11n326
Gruber, M. J., et al. (2019). Curiosity and learning. In The Cambridge handbook of motivation and learning (pp. 397–417). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316823279.018
Ha, C., et al. (2024). Understanding students’ emotion regulation strategy selection using network analysis approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 233, 112913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112913
Hall, M. T., & Marshall, J. E. (2015). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation within the context of modern education. In Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design (pp. 292–308). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9634-1.ch014
Ifraheem, S., et al. (2024). Transforming education through artificial intelligence: Personalization, engagement and predictive analytics. Deleted Journal, 13(2), 250–266. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.2.22
Maddux, J. E. (2009). Self-efficacy: The power of believing you can. In The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 334–344). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0031
Milagrin, M. M. A., et al. (2024). An empirical study on enhancing employee engagement and job performance through self-determination theory: The role of artificial intelligence in Karnataka’s banking sector. ITM Web of Conferences, 68, 01031. https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20246801031
Mishra, S. (2024). Revolutionizing education: The impact of AI-enhanced teaching strategies. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 12(9), 9–32. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.64127
Moybeka, A. M. S., et al. (2023). Artificial intelligence and English classroom: The implications of AI toward EFL students’ motivation. Edumaspul - Jurnal Pendidikan, 7(2), 2444–2454. https://doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v7i2.6669
Nasser, M. (2024). Personalized learning through AI: Enhancing student engagement and teacher effectiveness. International Journal of Teaching, Learning and Education, 3(6), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijtle.3.6.4
Oudeyer, P.-Y., et al. (2016). Intrinsic motivation, curiosity, and learning. Progress in Brain Research, 257–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.05.005
Prince, M., et al. (2016). The effect of course type on engineering undergraduates’ situational motivation and curiosity. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.18260/p.26134
Rajan, M. H., et al. (2024). Disrupted student engagement and motivation: Observations from online and face-to-face university learning environments. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1320822
Rohana, D. D. A., et al. (2024). Digital learning with artificial intelligence (AI): The correlation of AI to student learning motivation. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Social Science and Education (ICASSE), 1(1), 198–209. https://doi.org/10.31316/icasse.v1i1.6913
Rosenzweig, E. Q., et al. (2019). Expectancy-value theory and its relevance for student motivation and learning. In The Cambridge handbook of motivation and learning (pp. 617–644). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316823279.026
Shin, D.-J. D., et al. (2019). The role of curiosity and interest in learning and motivation. In The Cambridge handbook of motivation and learning (pp. 443–464). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316823279.020
Singh, A., & Manjaly, J. A. (2022). Using curiosity to improve learning outcomes in schools. SAGE Open, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211069392
Wallace, S. (2013). When you’re smiling: Exploring how teachers motivate and engage learners in the further education sector. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 38(3), 346–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877x.2013.831040
Xia, Q., et al. (2022). A self-determination theory (SDT) design approach for inclusive and diverse artificial intelligence (AI) education. Computers & Education, 189, 104582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104582
Zharmukhanbetov, S., & Singh, C. P. (2023). Enhancing flipped classroom engagement and personalized learning through AI-powered adaptive content delivery. IEEE ICTACS Proceedings, 1411–1416. https://doi.org/10.1109/ictacs59847.2023.10389841