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Abstract
This study examines the impact of detention practices at Guantanamo Bay on global human rights standards. Established by the United States in 2002 following the September 11 terrorist attacks, the facility has become a controversial symbol in the global fight against terrorism. The research aims to analyze the legal framework governing detention, evaluate allegations of human rights violations, and assess the broader implications for international law and human rights norms. Using a doctrinal and analytical methodology, the study reviews international human rights law, humanitarian law, judicial decisions, United Nations reports, and scholarly literature. The findings indicate that practices such as indefinite detention, enhanced interrogation techniques, military commissions, and restrictive detention conditions generated significant legal and ethical concerns regarding due process, torture, and state accountability. The study concludes that while Guantanamo Bay was intended to address national security threats, its practices challenged established human rights principles and significantly influenced international debates on human rights protection and counterterrorism policy.
[Studi ini mengkaji dampak praktik penahanan di Teluk Guantanamo terhadap standar hak asasi manusia global. Didirikan oleh Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2002 setelah serangan teroris 11 September, fasilitas ini telah menjadi simbol kontroversial dalam perjuangan global melawan terorisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kerangka hukum yang mengatur penahanan, mengevaluasi dugaan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia, dan menilai implikasi yang lebih luas terhadap hukum internasional dan norma hak asasi manusia. Menggunakan metodologi doktrinal dan analitis, studi ini meninjau hukum hak asasi manusia internasional, hukum humaniter, putusan pengadilan, laporan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, dan literatur ilmiah. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa praktik-praktik seperti penahanan tanpa batas waktu, teknik interogasi yang ditingkatkan, komisi militer, dan kondisi penahanan yang ketat menimbulkan masalah hukum dan etika yang signifikan mengenai proses hukum, penyiksaan, dan akuntabilitas negara. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun Teluk Guantanamo dimaksudkan untuk mengatasi ancaman keamanan nasional, praktik-praktiknya menantang prinsip-prinsip hak asasi manusia yang mapan dan secara signifikan memengaruhi perdebatan internasional tentang perlindungan hak asasi manusia dan kebijakan kontraterorisme.]
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Copyright (c) 2026 Rais Ahmad , Anurag Yadav (Author)

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References
- American Bar Association. (2022). Reports and recommendations on the military commissions at Guantanamo Bay. ABA Center for Human Rights.
- Amnesty International. (n.d.). Guantanamo and human rights reports. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/01/guantanamo-19-years-of-unacceptable-human-rights-violations/
- Axios. (2023, June 26). UN expert says U.S. treatment of remaining Gitmo detainees is "inhuman". https://www.axios.com
- Berkeley Human Rights Center. (2014). The Guantanamo effect: A report on the impacts of unlawful detention. University of California, Berkeley, School of Law.
- Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008).
- Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Situation of detainees at Guantanamo Bay. International Legal Materials, 45(3), 670–710. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002078290000411X
- CBS News. (2023, June 26). U.N. investigator says Gitmo detainees face ongoing "cruel, inhuman and degrading" treatment. CBS Interactive. https://www.cbsnews.com
- Center for Constitutional Rights. (n.d.). Guantanamo litigation archive. https://ccrjustice.org/home/what-we-do/our-cases/guantanamo-litigation-archive
- Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), August 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3516, 75 U.N.T.S. 287.
- Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Third Geneva Convention), August 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3316, 75 U.N.T.S. 135.
- Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006).
- Harvard Law Review Association. (2009). Guantanamo Bay and international law: Executive power in the war on terror. Harvard Law Review, 122(4), 1150–1185.
- Human Rights First. (2023). Guantanamo detention reports: The cost of injustice. https://humanrightsfirst.org
- Human Rights Watch. (2006, February 16). United Nations finds U.S. failed to comply with obligations at Guantanamo. https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/02/16/united-nations-finds-us-failed-comply-obligations-guantanamo
- Human Rights Watch. (2006, February 21). U.N. confirms abuses at Guantanamo. https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/02/21/un-confirms-abuses-guantanamo
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2015). Towards the closure of Guantanamo (Report No. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 20/15). Organization of American States.
- International Commission of Jurists. (2023). ICJ statement on the findings of the UN Special Rapporteur on Guantanamo Bay. https://www.icj.org
- International Committee of the Red Cross. (2020). Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention: Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Lawfare. (2023). Analysis of the U.N. Special Rapporteur's findings on Guantanamo Bay. https://www.lawfaremedia.org
- Ní Aoláin, F. (2023). Technical visit to the United States and the Guantánamo Bay detention facility: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism (Report No. A/HRC/52/CRP.3). United Nations Human Rights Council.
- Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004).
- Reuters. (2025). U.S. continues reduction of remaining Guantanamo detainee population. Thomson Reuters. https://www.reuters.com
- UN General Assembly. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights (217 [III] A). https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
- United Nations General Assembly. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. United Nations, Treaty Series, 999, 171. https://www.ohchr.org
- United Nations General Assembly. (1984). Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. United Nations, Treaty Series, 1465, 85. https://www.ohchr.org
- United Nations Human Rights Committee. (2007). General comment No. 32: Article 14 (Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a fair trial) (Report No. CCPR/C/GC/32). United Nations.
- United Nations Human Rights Committee. (2014). General comment No. 35: Article 9 (Liberty and security of person) (Report No. CCPR/C/GC/35). United Nations.
- United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention. (2023). Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its ninety-sixth session (Report No. A/HRC/WGAD/2023). United Nations Human Rights Council.
- Yale Journal of International Law Association. (2011). Counterterrorism and human rights standards: The legal black hole of Guantanamo. Yale Journal of International Law, 36(2), 405–440.
References
American Bar Association. (2022). Reports and recommendations on the military commissions at Guantanamo Bay. ABA Center for Human Rights.
Amnesty International. (n.d.). Guantanamo and human rights reports. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/01/guantanamo-19-years-of-unacceptable-human-rights-violations/
Axios. (2023, June 26). UN expert says U.S. treatment of remaining Gitmo detainees is "inhuman". https://www.axios.com
Berkeley Human Rights Center. (2014). The Guantanamo effect: A report on the impacts of unlawful detention. University of California, Berkeley, School of Law.
Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008).
Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Situation of detainees at Guantanamo Bay. International Legal Materials, 45(3), 670–710. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002078290000411X
CBS News. (2023, June 26). U.N. investigator says Gitmo detainees face ongoing "cruel, inhuman and degrading" treatment. CBS Interactive. https://www.cbsnews.com
Center for Constitutional Rights. (n.d.). Guantanamo litigation archive. https://ccrjustice.org/home/what-we-do/our-cases/guantanamo-litigation-archive
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), August 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3516, 75 U.N.T.S. 287.
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Third Geneva Convention), August 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3316, 75 U.N.T.S. 135.
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006).
Harvard Law Review Association. (2009). Guantanamo Bay and international law: Executive power in the war on terror. Harvard Law Review, 122(4), 1150–1185.
Human Rights First. (2023). Guantanamo detention reports: The cost of injustice. https://humanrightsfirst.org
Human Rights Watch. (2006, February 16). United Nations finds U.S. failed to comply with obligations at Guantanamo. https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/02/16/united-nations-finds-us-failed-comply-obligations-guantanamo
Human Rights Watch. (2006, February 21). U.N. confirms abuses at Guantanamo. https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/02/21/un-confirms-abuses-guantanamo
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2015). Towards the closure of Guantanamo (Report No. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 20/15). Organization of American States.
International Commission of Jurists. (2023). ICJ statement on the findings of the UN Special Rapporteur on Guantanamo Bay. https://www.icj.org
International Committee of the Red Cross. (2020). Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention: Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Lawfare. (2023). Analysis of the U.N. Special Rapporteur's findings on Guantanamo Bay. https://www.lawfaremedia.org
Ní Aoláin, F. (2023). Technical visit to the United States and the Guantánamo Bay detention facility: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism (Report No. A/HRC/52/CRP.3). United Nations Human Rights Council.
Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004).
Reuters. (2025). U.S. continues reduction of remaining Guantanamo detainee population. Thomson Reuters. https://www.reuters.com
UN General Assembly. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights (217 [III] A). https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
United Nations General Assembly. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. United Nations, Treaty Series, 999, 171. https://www.ohchr.org
United Nations General Assembly. (1984). Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. United Nations, Treaty Series, 1465, 85. https://www.ohchr.org
United Nations Human Rights Committee. (2007). General comment No. 32: Article 14 (Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a fair trial) (Report No. CCPR/C/GC/32). United Nations.
United Nations Human Rights Committee. (2014). General comment No. 35: Article 9 (Liberty and security of person) (Report No. CCPR/C/GC/35). United Nations.
United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention. (2023). Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its ninety-sixth session (Report No. A/HRC/WGAD/2023). United Nations Human Rights Council.
Yale Journal of International Law Association. (2011). Counterterrorism and human rights standards: The legal black hole of Guantanamo. Yale Journal of International Law, 36(2), 405–440.