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Abstract
This research explores the intersection of race, class, and disability in current American literature through a scrutiny of The Salt Eaters by Toni Cade Bambara and Salvage the Bones by Jesmyn Ward. It delves into the way sidelined identities, especially Black, disabled, and poor people, are depicted and the way these representations challenge prevailing narratives of the status quo and value as far as the U.S. society is concerned. The research utilizes a qualitative methodology embedded in intersectional feminist literary criticism and critical disability studies and concentrates on thematic construction, character improvement, and narrative voice. The results exhibit that both writers demonstrate disability as societally and politically structured instead of medicalized, and they challenge its conventional descriptions. The lived realism of racial segregation and poverty is focused on by the novels, emphasizing the way struggle and continued existence are negotiated through non-normative quintessence, ethnic memory, and community. The research adds to an increasing body of scholarship that insists on the requirement of intersectionality in literary exploration, accentuating the role of literature as a space for political involvement and struggle amongst communities that face numerous forms of marginalization
[Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi persinggungan antara ras, kelas sosial, dan disabilitas dalam sastra Amerika kontemporer melalui kajian terhadap The Salt Eaters karya Toni Cade Bambara dan Salvage the Bones karya Jesmyn Ward. Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana identitas-identitas yang termarginalkan, khususnya kelompok kulit hitam, penyandang disabilitas, dan masyarakat miskin, direpresentasikan serta bagaimana representasi tersebut menantang narasi dominan mengenai status sosial dan nilai kemanusiaan dalam masyarakat Amerika Serikat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif yang berlandaskan kritik sastra feminis interseksional dan studi disabilitas kritis, dengan fokus pada konstruksi tema, pengembangan karakter, dan suara naratif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua penulis merepresentasikan disabilitas sebagai sesuatu yang dibentuk oleh struktur sosial dan politik, bukan semata-mata sebagai kondisi medis, sekaligus menantang penggambaran konvensional mengenai disabilitas. Kedua novel tersebut juga menyoroti realitas kehidupan yang dipengaruhi oleh segregasi rasial dan kemiskinan, dengan menekankan bagaimana perjuangan dan keberlangsungan hidup dinegosiasikan melalui identitas yang nonnormatif, memori budaya, dan solidaritas komunitas. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada perkembangan kajian yang menegaskan pentingnya pendekatan interseksionalitas dalam analisis sastra, serta menyoroti peran sastra sebagai ruang keterlibatan politik dan perlawanan bagi komunitas yang menghadapi berbagai bentuk marginalisasi.]
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Copyright (c) 2026 Asadul Al Galif, Tamanna Ferdous Ferdous, Wahid Kaiser, Md. Ziaul Haque (Author)

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References
- Bambara, T. C. (1980). The salt eaters. Random House.
- Bell, C. (Ed.). (2012). Blackness and disability: Critical examinations and cultural interventions. Michigan State University Press.
- Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the new Jim code. Polity Press.
- Brown, S. (2002). What is disability culture? Disability Studies Quarterly, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v22i2.343
- Collins, P. H. (2019). Intersectionality as critical social theory. Duke University Press.
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
- Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
- Freeman, B. C. (1995). The feminine sublime: Gender and excess in women's fiction. University of California Press.
- Garland-Thomson, R. (2002). Integrating disability, transforming feminist theory. NWSA Journal, 14(3), 1–32. [suspicious link removed]
- Gines, K. T. (2011). Black feminism and intersectional analyses: A defense of intersectionality. Philosophy Today, 55, 275–284. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday201155Supplement68
- Goodley, D. (2016). Disability studies: An interdisciplinary introduction (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Hinton, A. L. (2025). Refusing to be made whole: Disability in black women's writing. University Press of Mississippi.
- Kafer, A. (2013). Feminist, queer, crip. Indiana University Press.
- Khumkerd, S., & Kamolnate, T. (2025). Constructing African American identity through oral traditions in Jesmyn Ward's Sing, unburied, sing. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Rajabhat Bansomdejchaopraya University, 19(1), 420–455. https://so08.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jhusocbru/article/view/3524
- Lee, S. (2025). “To be available to the universe”: Trauma and healing within black and brown freedom movements. Souls, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999949.2024.2445879
- Lorde, A. (2012). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed.
- Mitchell, D. T. (2015). The biopolitics of disability: Neoliberalism, ablenationalism, and peripheral embodiment. University of Michigan Press.
- Mitchell, D. T., & Snyder, S. L. (2001). Narrative prosthesis: Disability and the dependencies of discourse. University of Michigan Press.
- Nash, J. C. (2019). Black feminism reimagined: After intersectionality. Duke University Press.
- Oaks, S. (2025). Risk, vulnerability, and resilience in “natural” disasters: A hurricane Katrina case study (Honor Scholar Thesis No. 306). Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. https://scholarship.depauw.edu/studentresearch/306
- Piepzna-Samarasinha, L. L. (2018). Care work: Dreaming disability justice. Arsenal Pulp Press.
- Puar, J. K. (2017). The right to maim: Debility, capacity, disability. Duke University Press.
- Quayson, A. (2007). Aesthetic nervousness: Disability and the crisis of representation. Columbia University Press.
- Reji, S., & Nandha, A. (2025). Growing up in the “dirty south”: Precarious black childhoods in Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, unburied, sing and Salvage the bones. The Black Scholar, 55(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2024.2432443
- Ryan, M.-L. (2015). Narrative as virtual reality 2: Revisiting immersion and interactivity in literature and electronic media. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Schalk, S. (2018). Bodyminds reimagined: (Dis)ability, race, and gender in black women’s speculative fiction. Duke University Press.
- Scott, M. L. (2025). Imagining otherwise: Black women, theological resistance, and Afrofuturist possibility. Religions, 16(5), 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050658
- Taylor, K.-Y. (2019). Race for profit: How banks and the real estate industry undermined black homeownership. University of North Carolina Press.
- Wallace, M. (2008). Invisibility blues: From pop to theory. Verso.
- Ward, J. (2011). Salvage the bones. Bloomsbury.
- Wilentz, G. (2000). Healing narratives: Women writers curing cultural dis-ease. Rutgers University Press.
- Wynter, S. (2003). Unsettling the coloniality of being/power/truth/freedom: Towards the human, after man, it's overrepresentation—An argument. CR: The New Centennial Review, 3(3), 257–337. https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2004.0015
References
Bambara, T. C. (1980). The salt eaters. Random House.
Bell, C. (Ed.). (2012). Blackness and disability: Critical examinations and cultural interventions. Michigan State University Press.
Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the new Jim code. Polity Press.
Brown, S. (2002). What is disability culture? Disability Studies Quarterly, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v22i2.343
Collins, P. H. (2019). Intersectionality as critical social theory. Duke University Press.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Freeman, B. C. (1995). The feminine sublime: Gender and excess in women's fiction. University of California Press.
Garland-Thomson, R. (2002). Integrating disability, transforming feminist theory. NWSA Journal, 14(3), 1–32. [suspicious link removed]
Gines, K. T. (2011). Black feminism and intersectional analyses: A defense of intersectionality. Philosophy Today, 55, 275–284. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday201155Supplement68
Goodley, D. (2016). Disability studies: An interdisciplinary introduction (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Hinton, A. L. (2025). Refusing to be made whole: Disability in black women's writing. University Press of Mississippi.
Kafer, A. (2013). Feminist, queer, crip. Indiana University Press.
Khumkerd, S., & Kamolnate, T. (2025). Constructing African American identity through oral traditions in Jesmyn Ward's Sing, unburied, sing. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Rajabhat Bansomdejchaopraya University, 19(1), 420–455. https://so08.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jhusocbru/article/view/3524
Lee, S. (2025). “To be available to the universe”: Trauma and healing within black and brown freedom movements. Souls, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999949.2024.2445879
Lorde, A. (2012). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed.
Mitchell, D. T. (2015). The biopolitics of disability: Neoliberalism, ablenationalism, and peripheral embodiment. University of Michigan Press.
Mitchell, D. T., & Snyder, S. L. (2001). Narrative prosthesis: Disability and the dependencies of discourse. University of Michigan Press.
Nash, J. C. (2019). Black feminism reimagined: After intersectionality. Duke University Press.
Oaks, S. (2025). Risk, vulnerability, and resilience in “natural” disasters: A hurricane Katrina case study (Honor Scholar Thesis No. 306). Scholarly and Creative Work from DePauw University. https://scholarship.depauw.edu/studentresearch/306
Piepzna-Samarasinha, L. L. (2018). Care work: Dreaming disability justice. Arsenal Pulp Press.
Puar, J. K. (2017). The right to maim: Debility, capacity, disability. Duke University Press.
Quayson, A. (2007). Aesthetic nervousness: Disability and the crisis of representation. Columbia University Press.
Reji, S., & Nandha, A. (2025). Growing up in the “dirty south”: Precarious black childhoods in Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, unburied, sing and Salvage the bones. The Black Scholar, 55(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2024.2432443
Ryan, M.-L. (2015). Narrative as virtual reality 2: Revisiting immersion and interactivity in literature and electronic media. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Schalk, S. (2018). Bodyminds reimagined: (Dis)ability, race, and gender in black women’s speculative fiction. Duke University Press.
Scott, M. L. (2025). Imagining otherwise: Black women, theological resistance, and Afrofuturist possibility. Religions, 16(5), 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050658
Taylor, K.-Y. (2019). Race for profit: How banks and the real estate industry undermined black homeownership. University of North Carolina Press.
Wallace, M. (2008). Invisibility blues: From pop to theory. Verso.
Ward, J. (2011). Salvage the bones. Bloomsbury.
Wilentz, G. (2000). Healing narratives: Women writers curing cultural dis-ease. Rutgers University Press.
Wynter, S. (2003). Unsettling the coloniality of being/power/truth/freedom: Towards the human, after man, it's overrepresentation—An argument. CR: The New Centennial Review, 3(3), 257–337. https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2004.0015