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Abstract
Migration from the Global South into Europe has profoundly reshaped classrooms, raising urgent questions regarding how religious and moral education can either empower or marginalize migrant learners. While austerity-era reforms following the 2008 financial crisis reinforced pre-existing social and economic inequalities, they simultaneously exposed the pressing need for transformative approaches to education. This article explores how critical pedagogy can foster empowerment through religious and moral learning by presenting a comparative qualitative case study of three European contexts: Albania, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Secondary sources, including curriculum frameworks, policy documents, and extant research on migration and education, were analyzed thematically to identify how each nation frames religious and moral education, represents migrant voices, and promotes or restricts dialogical pedagogy. The findings reveal distinct patterns of marginalization: Albania’s fragile secularism leaves migrant voices precariously acknowledged; the Czech Republic’s secular silence erases difference through systemic avoidance; and Poland’s Catholic dominance structurally excludes non-Catholic migrants. Nevertheless, in each case, critical pedagogy has opened pathways for transformative education. In Albania, teachers’ informal intercultural dialogues have effectively transformed civic education into a practice of recognition. In the Czech Republic, NGO interventions have broken the secular silence through structured dialogue. In Poland, progressive reinterpretations of Catholic teachings have reframed tradition as a foundation for solidarity. Collectively, these cases demonstrate that transformative education emerges not from idealized systems, but from deliberate pedagogical shifts that center migrant voices, cultivate empathy, and reimagine classrooms as spaces of resilience and justice. The article concludes by highlighting critical implications for educators, policymakers, and future research concerning inclusive moral and religious pedagogy across Europe.
[Migrasi dari wilayah Selatan Global (Global South) ke Eropa telah secara mendalam mengubah ruang kelas, memunculkan pertanyaan mendesak tentang bagaimana pendidikan agama dan moral dapat memberdayakan atau justru meminggirkan pelajar migran. Meskipun reformasi era austeritas pasca-krisis keuangan 2008 memperkuat ketimpangan sosial dan ekonomi yang sudah ada, hal ini secara bersamaan mengekspos kebutuhan mendesak akan pendekatan pendidikan yang transformatif. Artikel ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana pedagogi kritis dapat mendorong pemberdayaan melalui pembelajaran agama dan moral dengan menyajikan studi kasus kualitatif komparatif di tiga konteks Eropa: Albania, Republik Ceko, dan Polandia. Sumber sekunder, termasuk kerangka kurikulum, dokumen kebijakan, dan penelitian yang ada mengenai migrasi dan pendidikan, dianalisis secara tematik untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana setiap negara membingkai pendidikan agama dan moral, merepresentasikan suara migran, dan mempromosikan atau membatasi pedagogi dialogis. Temuan menunjukkan pola marginalisasi yang berbeda: sekularisme rapuh Albania membuat suara migran diakui secara rentan; keheningan sekuler Republik Ceko menghapus perbedaan melalui penghindaran sistemik; dan dominasi Katolik Polandia secara struktural mengecualikan migran non-Katolik. Namun, dalam setiap kasus, pedagogi kritis telah membuka jalan bagi pendidikan transformatif. Di Albania, dialog antarbudaya informal oleh guru telah secara efektif mengubah pendidikan kewarganegaraan menjadi praktik pengakuan. Di Republik Ceko, intervensi LSM telah memecah keheningan sekuler melalui dialog terstruktur. Di Polandia, reinterpretasi progresif terhadap ajaran Katolik telah membingkai ulang tradisi sebagai fondasi solidaritas. Secara kolektif, kasus-kasus ini menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan transformatif tidak muncul dari sistem yang ideal, melainkan dari pergeseran pedagogis yang disengaja yang berpusat pada suara migran, menumbuhkan empati, dan menata ulang ruang kelas sebagai ruang ketahanan dan keadilan. Artikel ini diakhiri dengan menyoroti implikasi kritis bagi pendidik, pembuat kebijakan, dan penelitian di masa depan mengenai pedagogi moral dan agama yang inklusif di seluruh Eropa.]
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Copyright (c) 2026 Sonia Rathore (Author)

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